南洞庭湖湿地生态系统结构、功能与可持续研究

洞庭湖是我国著名的淡水湖泊湿地，也是世界上唯一的由3个国际重要湿地组成的湖泊。文章分析了南洞庭湖湿地的形成原因及演替规律，研究了其生态系统结构特征，评价了动物栖息地、植物基因库、生态改善、湿地生产、科教基地、旅游度假等湿地功能，指出其面临的主要问题是湖泊面积缩小、湿地功能衰退、动物种群衰减、资源利用率低、环境污染加剧，提出扩大湖泊面积、重视湿地资源保护、加强自然保护区建设、发展湿地生态农业、加快湿地污染治理的南洞庭湖湿地生态系统可持续发展途径。     

灌区湖泊污染主成分分析

在上游污染物排放特性的影响下,位于灌区内的湖泊水环境污染问题必定有其特殊性.以位于我国北方的河套灌区中的草型浅水湖泊乌梁素海为研究对象,将实测的湖泊水质监测数据与空间数据结合,采用基于因子分析的主成分方法将乌梁素海的水质参数概括为7个主成分,即:富营养化特征指标、湖泊盐化特征指标、湖泊有机物污染指标、湖泊形态特征指标、水体酸碱指标、水体藻类生物量指标、植物生长环境指标.分析讨论各主成分的科学内涵以及结合地区特征的湖泊污染机理,为灌区湖泊水体的合理利用与污染的治理提供科学依据.     

德尔菲法评价环湖北岸草原生态系统

尝试利用德尔菲法对青海湖北岸地区的草原生态系统进行了评价,评价标准引用了赵有益等人发表论文<草地生态系统安全及其评价研究>中草地生态系统生态安全的分级及判别标准,德尔菲法最后评定结果为环湖北岸草原生态系统的植被覆盖度较高,生态环境较少受到干扰破坏,生态系统结构尚完整,功能尚好,一般干扰下系统可恢复,生态问题不显著,生态...     

紫竹在千岛湖园林绿化中应用

紫竹具有自然美、色彩美、象征美、造型美等多种园林特性,可在千岛湖园林绿化中广泛应用。在应用中应注意科学规划,科学配置和科学养护。     

环洞庭湖不同类型防护林生物量研究

以环洞庭湖的杨树、马尾松、杉木等3种防护林为研究对象,对其生物量进行研究.结果表明:3种林分中不同树种营养器官生物量所占比例的大小顺序有所差异,各主要造林树种单株生物量均以地上部分占绝对的优势,占全株生物量的87％以上.3种林分中,杉木林分生物量最高,为232 172.5 kg/hm2;马尾松林的生物量最低,为87 4...     

济南玫瑰湖湿地生物多样性评价研究

在对玫瑰湖湿地物种现状进行统计分析的基础上,建立湿地生物多样性评价指标体系与赋值标准．从物种多样性和生态系统多样性两个指标对玫瑰湖’湿地生物多样性进行了评价。玫瑰湖湿地生物多样性总评分为68．5分,结果表明玫瑰湖湿地生物多样性处于一般水平。     

芜湖市镜湖底泥TN、TP、重金属污染及其对上覆水体的影响

采集镜湖底泥及水样,研究底泥中重金属的污染现状,分析底泥TN、TP重金属与上覆水体相同成分的相关性,结果表明：（1）镜湖底泥TN、TP与水体TN、TP含量呈有著相关性,底泥N？P释放再悬浮是镜湖水体TN、TP来源之一。（2）镜湖除Cd严重超标外,Cu？Zn？Pb含量都很低;Cd（n）与Cd（w）有较好的负相关性,Cu（n）与Cu（w）？Zn（n）与Zn（w）？Pb（n）与Pb（w）相关性差。本研究为有关部门治理和管理镜湖提供理论依据。     

巢湖流域土地利用程度变化及其空间异质性分析

基于GIS和遥感平台提取巢湖流域范围,分析了2000-2013近15年来的巢湖流域土地利用程度及其空间异质性特征。研究表明:①近15年来,巢湖流域的土地利用结构变化较大,呈现"三减一增"的变化趋势,即林地、农地和水体呈下降趋势,建设用地呈上升趋势,其中,农地面积下降明显,建设用地面积增幅较大;②土地利用程度变化两极分化,弱土地利用程度显著下降,强土地利用程度明显增加。分析表明,2000—2013年的近15年间,弱和较弱土地利用程度的流域面积下降3 429 km~2,占总流域面积24.61%;较强和强土地利用程度的流域面积上升729 km~2,占总流域面积5.23%;③土地利用程度空间异质性分析表明,2000年和2013年巢湖流域土地利用程度全局空间自相关的Moran's I值分别为0.802 2和0.753 9,呈显著的正相关关系,表明巢湖流域土地利用程度不是无序的,而是具有明显的空间集聚性;局部空间自相关分析表明,LISA图显示土地利用程度的高高值区主要集聚在以合肥市区为核心的周围,低低值区主要集聚在以西南部的大别山森林地区和中部巢湖及沿湖周边。     

江西水土流失对防洪的影响及防治对策

江西省水土流失面积 3 5 2万km2 ,严重破坏了生态环境。水土流失导致河床和水库淤积 ,加剧了洪涝灾害程度。鄱阳湖承担着长江巨大超额洪水的调蓄 ,但湖区面积已由 2 0世纪 5 0年代初期的 5 10 0多km2 萎缩到现在的 3 95 0多km2 ,容积缩小了 72亿m3。本省境内的“五河”流入鄱阳湖内的水量达 14 0 0多亿m3,是该湖容积的 4倍多 ,可见搞好水土保持对长江防洪的重要意义。水土保持措施已在防洪减灾中发挥了重大作用 ,应把水土保持生态环境建设作为长江和本省新世纪水利发展战略的重要内容     

Partitioning characteristics of PAHs between sediment and water in a shallow lake

Goal, Scope and Background

Distribution of hydrophobic organic contaminants in abiotic compartments is essential for describing their transfer and fate in aquatic ecosystems. Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China. Water quality of Taihu Lake has deteriorated greatly during the last decades and has threatened the water supply. The aim of the present study was to investigate the partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among overlying water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediments, and pore water in Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake and to provide useful information for the ecological engineering in this area.

Materials and Methods

Overlying water and surface sediment were sampled from six sites in Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China. Within 72 h of sampling, sediments were centrifuged to obtain the pore water. Overlying water samples were filtered to separate dissolved and SPM samples. After extraction, samples were purified following a clean-up procedure. PAH fraction was obtained by elution with a mixture of hexane: DCM (7:3, V/V) and analyzed by GC/MS.

Results

PAHs concentrations in overlying water varied from 37.5 ng/L to 183.5 ng/L. Concentrations of PAHs in pore water were higher than those in overlying water. The total concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in sediments ranged from 2091.8 ng/g-dw to 4094.4 ng/g-dw. PAHs concentrations on SPM were decreased with suspended solid concentrations (SSC). Total PAHs concentrations on SPM varied in the range of 3369.6 ng/g-dw to 7531.1 ng/g-dw. The partition coefficients between sediment and overlying water (log K _oc) for PAHs with log K _ow<5 were positively correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients (log K _ow) (n=39, r=0.79, p<0.0001). Partition coefficients between sediment and pore water (log K _oc′) for all PAHs were also significantly correlated with their log K _ow values (n=48, r=0.82, p<0.0001).

Discussion

In general, PAHs derived from combustion sources tend to bind strongly to soot particles in natural sediment. Consequentially, K _oc values observed in the natural environment could be orders of magnitude higher than those predicted by linear correlation relationships under laboratory conditions. In the present study, the ratio of log K _oc values to log K _ow values falls consistently above 1, indicating that the sediment soot carbon in the bay was more attractive for PAHs than n-octanol. The log K _oc′ was also higher than that predicted under laboratory conditions, suggesting that the measured pore water PAH concentrations were lower than those predicted. That is to say, not all the sediment PAHs can be available to partition rapidly into sediment pore waters. A variation in soot content is a possible reason. Furthermore, concentrations of PAHs on SPM were higher than those in sediments. The compositions of PAHs on SPM and in sediments were similar, indicating the importance of re-suspension process of sediments in the partitioning process of the shallow lake.

Conclusions

The results indicated the equilibrium partitioning model could be used to predict PAHs distribution in various phases of a shallow lake in the stagnation period, but re-suspension processes should be considered to modify the relationship between log K _ocs and log K _ows.

Recommendations and Perspectives

Concentration, particle size and composition of resuspended particles could affect the relationship between log K _ocs and log K _ows. Further work should be done under field conditions, especially where a steady thermodynamic equilibrium state could be assumed.